![]() S., Ramirez, H., Soo, T., Walsh J., Smith, W., Jones, F. List all authors up to the first six, then follow the example below, ensuring the last author appears after the ellipsis.īradley, K. See the TPO's " Citing Your Sources’ Sources" handout. Note: Include only the indirect source (the source you consulted) in your reference list. Citing Roig’s data, Walker explains that "students do in fact possess skills necessary for paraphrasing but … may be impeded from applying those skills when dealing with rigorous text" (p. Walker (2008) describes Miguel Roig's 1999 experiment, which correlates inadequate paraphrasing in student writing with poor reading comprehension. The indirect source information is highlighted in yellow the primary source information is highlighted in blue. The following passage incorporates a properly credited indirect source. Only use indirect sources when the primary source is unavailable. ![]() Upon investigation of the primary source, you may find you disagree with the indirect source author’s analysis or methods. ![]() Whenever possible, consult primary sources and your sources’ sources yourself. Note that the second sentence is common knowledge, whereas the final sentence is clearly the opinion of the author.Īn indirect source is a source that cites some other work that you discuss in your text. In the paragraph below, the parenthetical in-text citations are highlighted in yellow, and the s ignal phrases are in blue. Do not insert spaces between a parenthetical citation and the punctuation that follows it.If the sentence ends with a quotation, "close the quote, then place the citation between the quotation marks and the punctuation, like this” (Woolf, 1931, p.If you do not name your source(s) in a given sentence, a single parenthetical citation goes at the end of the sentence or clause it covers (Goffman, 1974), inside the punctuation, like this (Melville, 1851).198), however, continue to impede the development of sufficiently dense peach-basket hats. But compare what happens when the quotation comes first: The "less than suboptimal millinerial outcomes" reported by Schartz and Metterklume (2013, p.198) in the case of heavily laden peach-basket hats. Example: Schartz and Metterklume (2013), however, note that the Laurel–Hardy method produces "less than suboptimal millinerial outcomes" (p. If you quote a source that you have named in the sentence, the parenthetical citation gets split, with the page number(s) placed in parentheses immediately after the quoted material.Example: In contrast to earlier work by Abbott and Costello (1999), Laurel and Hardy (2008) propose an altogether different model for optimizing hat density. If you name your source(s) in a given sentence, a parenthetical citation containing only the year follows immediately after the name(s) of the author(s).Where in the sentence does my in-text citation go? A cost-effectiveness analysis of C-12 variant airborne ISR capabilities in the Marine Corps , NPS Archive: Calhoun. Takes the total O&S costs and divides it by the total number of aircraft (Boito et al., 2015).Īdapted from Moreau, P. Īnd here is an example of how to cite an equation after it is presented:Ĭost per Aircraft (PAI) was the next metric we looked at as an alternative. The formula for CPFH isĪdapted from Moreau, P. (2015) address the widely used metric, the cost per flying hours (CPFH). Equations must function grammatically as part of the text:īoito et al. Here is an example of citing properly before the equation. Ochoa (2022) summarizes the derivation as follows.The next step was to apply the X method (Ochoa, 2022), to describe. ![]() You may weave the source into the narrative: Every equation that is not field-specific common knowledge needs to be cited. ![]()
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